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Mohamadi J, Daneshmehr H, Hedayat O. (2019). Experiencing Social Exclusion: The Study of Hawramis in Marivan City. Social Problems of Iran. 10(1), 239-262.
URL: http://jspi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-2840-en.html

The purpose of the present research is to examine the possibilities of intervene and change of the condition of social exclusion of Hawrami people from Souranis. In doing so we benefited from an approach embedded within the intellectual tradition of France (the relational) using Bourdieu's and Silver’s concepts which are based on three paradigms (integration, specialization and the monopoly) to explain the exclusion. The methodology is critical ethnography which focuses on the current situation in society and supports the emancipation of marginalized people. The experience of Hawramis has been investigated in three contextual situations that result from the emigration of Hawramis to the city, leading to the emergence of three discourses in the urban social context. In the context of the first situation, which is characterized by the slow rate of migration and fall of Master-slave system, the problem of exclusion is not problematized yet. The changes after the Iran-Iraq war, expansion of the urbanization, the excess migration, and importance of market and domination of cultural hegemony resulted from relations with Iraqi Kurdistan is the second situation. This situational context is experienced by middle-aged people. The third situation, which focuses on the experience of young people, is characterized by merging in the cultural identity of the city, participation in associations, increased education. The present situation focuses on the homogenous urban-surani identity. Findings of the research show that Hawramis are excluded in the social and cultural spheres as well (as to maintain their distinctions) which is in the social field of their reaction through distinction from the association and intergroup activities (especially lingual-dialect distinction).