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A review of recent research studies on gender differences in environmental issues found that women report stronger care about environment than men. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to identify subjective orientations of women towards environmental issues and their related actions. Using in-depth semi-structured interviews, and data analyzing, the authors found that although women express strong concerns, but because of some structural and cultural factors, these concerns don’t have any effective role in their everyday behaviors. The output of this contradiction between subjective orientations and actual behavior leads to creation of “tragedy of environmental culture”.

 

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The purpose of this article is to explore the origins and goals of specific social movements and activities in virtual social networks known as "campaigns". With the emergence of online social, the formation of public opinion and social movements in the world and also Iran took a different form.
The current qualitative research was conducted with the aim of typology of online social campaigns (based on their goals) in Iran during 2011 and 2017. In order to achieve this goal, theoretical sampling to the point of data saturation have been done by studying 25 campaigns that were published in the online platforms of Instagram, Telegram, Twitter, news agencies and websites during the desired period, considering structural identity-oriented theories especially the information society theory of Castels and by using the virtual ethnography method.
 After the thematic analysis of the data, four types of main campaigns were identified based on the objectives, including environmental campaigns, protest campaigns, moral (public) campaigns, and cultural campaigns. In this research, it was found that although social campaigns and social movements cannot be closely related or separated, but by introducing online social campaigns as a type of new social movements in Iran, which are at least an introduction to social movements, It deals with the importance and need of local researches in this field. Finally, it turned out that most Iranian campaigns are about social issues &problems.