The present study aims to identify and interpret the factors influencing the formation and persistence of social conflicts arising from water issues in eastern Mazandaran. This research seeks to answer the question of under what conditions and factors water-related social conflicts emerge in eastern Mazandaran, and what their consequences and strategies are. The study employs a qualitative grounded theory approach and examines the challenges and disputes between the two villages of Nosratabad and Tilehno, located in Galugah County. This research employs a qualitative grounded theory approach, with data collected through semi-structured interviews with farmers, residents, and local officials. The data were analyzed through three stages of open, axial, and selective coding. Findings reveal that several factors play a role in the formation of conflict, including perceived inequality in access to water resources, distrust in governmental institutions, conflicts of interest between upstream and downstream villages, and weak community participation. Contextual factors such as climate change, the decline of surface water resources, and pressure on agricultural lands have further intensified the crisis. Intervening conditions—such as local political influence, weak resource governance, and inefficient conflict resolution mechanisms—have exacerbated the situation. In response, local actors have adopted strategies such as protests, blocking water channels, appealing to government authorities, or engaging in local bargaining. These responses have led to outcomes including the weakening of social cohesion, increased distrust, and threats to rural solidarity. The results indicate that water-related social conflict in this region stems from the complex interaction of structural, institutional, and subjective factors. Without reforming governance mechanisms and strengthening local participation, sustainable conflict management will remain out of reach.