Volume 11, Issue 2 (10-2020)
Social Problems of Iran 2020, 11(2): 207-236 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
firouzabadi S A, Sharifi yazdi S. (2020). The sociological understanding of the phenomenon of Exclusion among the people with the feeling of defeat. Social Problems of Iran. 11(2), 207-236.
URL: http://jspi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3192-en.html
URL: http://jspi.khu.ac.ir/article-1-3192-en.html
1- Tehran University , afirouzabadi@ut.ac.ir
2- Tehran University
2- Tehran University
Abstract: (1345 Views)
The feeling of defeat has been mostly analyzed as a clinical and psychological phenomenon; however it seems that the social aspects are of high importance. To understand the phenomenon of "exclusion", an interview was conducted with people with the feeling of defeat – considering three criteria: authority’s claims, psychologist diagnosis, and the feeling of defeat test- continued to reach theoretical saturation in 65 individuals. The study subjects were chosen from psychological clinics in five different regions in Tehran which are the following: the center of district 6, the west in the district 8, the north in the district1, the west in district 5 and the south in district 18, and the quota sampling was implemented purposefully. Participants were chosen among individuals from 25 to 45 years old in two groups. The first or second generation of migrants from villages to Tehran metropolis, the second those who were born and are living in Tehran now. To this aim, semi-structured interviews for data collection and thematic analysis for data analysis were conducted.
The findings suggest that the experience of defeat could cause experience of discrimination, exclusion, and the decline in social participation in individuals and consequently result in the feeling of despair, anxiety, social isolation, and lack of sense of belonging. "Exclusion" and erosion of social capital lead to being someone else, distancing, the fear, and lack of power for social integration. The migrants (as excluded group) suffer from social confusion, the sense of meaninglessness, being powerless, loneliness, and isolation. The feeling of freedom alongside discrimination, the tendency for reverse migration, immigration, traumas, mistrust, disappointment, and shame are the consequences of being excluded among the group of migrants.
The findings suggest that the experience of defeat could cause experience of discrimination, exclusion, and the decline in social participation in individuals and consequently result in the feeling of despair, anxiety, social isolation, and lack of sense of belonging. "Exclusion" and erosion of social capital lead to being someone else, distancing, the fear, and lack of power for social integration. The migrants (as excluded group) suffer from social confusion, the sense of meaninglessness, being powerless, loneliness, and isolation. The feeling of freedom alongside discrimination, the tendency for reverse migration, immigration, traumas, mistrust, disappointment, and shame are the consequences of being excluded among the group of migrants.
Type of Article: Original Research |
Received: 2020/05/2 | Accepted: 2020/12/15 | Published: 2021/03/14
Received: 2020/05/2 | Accepted: 2020/12/15 | Published: 2021/03/14
References
1. ارشـدی، نسـرين؛ پيريـانی، صـالحه؛ زارع، راضـيه (۱۳۹۲). نقـش تعـديل‌كننـده‌ی صـفات شخصيتی در رابطه بين ادراك طردشدگی در محـيط‌كـار و رفتارهـای انحرافـی محـيط كار، مجله علوم رفتاری، س ۶، ش ۳ : ۲۲۱-۲۳۰.
2. فیروزآبادی، سیداحمد و صادقی، علیرضا (۱۳۹۲). طرد اجتماعی؛ رویکردی جامعه‌شناختی به محرومیت، تهران: انتشارات جامعه‌شناسان.
3. گزارش توسعه‌ی‌انسانی منطقه‌ای سال ۲۰۱۱.
4. ماهی‌دشتی، میثم (۱۳۹۱)، تجربه‌ی طرد اجتماعی در شهر کرمانشاه (مطالعه‌ی موردی: تجربه‌ی لک‌ها(، پایان‌نامه‌ی کارشناسی ارشد، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج.
5. Anderson, J. W. (2009). Organizational Shunning: The Disciplinary Functions of Non-Sense. Atlantic Journal of Communication, Vol.17(1), 36-50. [DOI:10.1080/15456870802506140]
6. Arshadi, Nasrin; Piriani, Saleheh; Zare, Razieh (2013). "The Role of Personality Characteristic Moderators in Understanding the Relationship Between the Rejection and the Deviant Behaviors in the Workplace," the Magazine of Behavioral Sciences, Y 6, No 3, P 221- 230.
7. Bayram, N. and Aytac, s. and Aytac, M. and Sam, N. and Bilgel, N. (2011). "Measuring Social Exclusion:A Study from Turkey", Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 2 (3): 285-290.
8. Corrigan, Patrick, (1998). The Impact of Stigma on Severe Mental Illness. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice 5(2):201-222. [DOI:10.1016/S1077-7229(98)80006-0]
9. Devylder, J.E., Lukens, E.P, Link, B G, & Lieberman, J.A. (2015). Suicidal Ideation and Suicide Attempts among Adults with Psychotic Experiences: Data from the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys. JAMA Psychiatry, Vol.72 (3): 219-225. [DOI:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.2663]
10. Davis D, Shaver PR, Vernon ML. (2003). Physical, Emotional, and Behavioral Reactions to Breaking up: The Roles of Gender, Age, Emotional Involvement, & Attachment Style. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. Vol. 29:871-884. [DOI:10.1177/0146167203029007006]
11. Dean, Dwight. G (1960), Alienation and Political Apathy. Social Force, Vol 38, No3. 301-322. [DOI:10.2307/2574080]
12. Elster, J. (2009). Emotions, Anlytical sociology, P.Hedstorm, & P.Bearman, New York:Oxford.
13. Fangen, K. (2010), Social Exclusion and Inclusion of Young Immigrants, Presentation of an Analytical Framework, Nordic Journal of Youth Research, Vol.8:133-156. [DOI:10.1177/110330881001800202]
14. Fearon, P., Kirkbride, J. B., Morgan, Dazzan, P. Morgan, K., Lloyd, T., & Murray, R.M.(2006).Incidence of Schizophrenia and other Psychoses in Ethnic Minority Groups: Results from the MRC AESOP Study.Psychological Medicine, Vol.36 (11):1541-1550. [DOI:10.1017/S0033291706008774]
15. Firouzabadi, Seid Ahmad and Sadeghi, Alireza (2013), Social Rejection; a Sociological Approach to Deprivation, Tehran: Sociologists' Publication. The Report of Regional Human Development 2011.
16. Gacitzia, M.and Estanislao, W. (2001), Measurement and Meaning, Combining Quantitative and Qualitative Methods for the Analysis of Poverty and Social Exclusion in Latin America, The World Bank.
17. Golden, C. (1988) I know this is stupid, but...Or, some thoughts on why female students fear failure and not success.Women & Therapy, 6, 41-49. [DOI:10.1300/J015V06N03_04]
18. Harrell, C. J. P., Burford, T. I., Cage, B. N.,Nels on, T. M. Shearon, S., Thompson, A., & Green, S. (2011). Multiple pathways linking racism to health outcomes. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, Vol.8(1):143-157. [DOI:10.1017/S1742058X11000178]
19. Herrnstein, R.and Murray, C. (1994). Intelligence and Class Structure in American life, New York, NY: Free Press.
20. Mahidashti, Meisam (2012), Rejection Experience in Kermanshah (Case Study: the Experience of Laks) Master thesis, Kurdistan University, Sanandaj.
21. In-Crusky, B., David (2008). Social Stratification, Class, Race and Gender in Sociological Perspective, USA, Westview Press.
22. Jaya, Edo Sebastian, January (2017), The Interplay between Social Factors and Psychotic Symptoms:Cognitive Vulnerability and Affective Pathway in Focus Presented to the Institute of Psychology-Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy. University of Hamburg .
23. Kirechu, Peter, (2012), The Dark Nobodies: Social Defeat or Why There's No Strength in Suffering for Sub-Saharan Survival Migrants in the Maghreb.Peter Kirechu The George Washington University 616 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC, (2005), USA. in Conjunction with the School for International Training Center for Cross-Cultural Studies, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Vol.2(7):87-102.
24. Linscott, R. J, & van Os, J. (2013). An Updated and Conservative Systematic Review and Metaanalysis of Epidemiological Evidence on Psychotic Experiences in Children and Adults: On the Pathway from Proneness to Persistence to Dimensional Expression across Mental disorders. Psychological Medicine, 43(6): 1133-1149.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291712001626 [DOI:10,1017/s0033291712001626]
25. Loury, G., C., (2000). Social Exclusion and Ethnic Groups: The Challenge to Economics Boston University, (Forthcoming in the Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics).
26. Luhrmann, T., M., (2007) Social Defeat and the Culture of Chronicity: Or Why Schizophrenia Dose so Well Over there and so Badly Here, Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 31:135-172. [DOI:10.1007/s11013-007-9049-z]
27. Luhrman, T., M., (2007). Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, Chicago:University of Chicago.
28. Mark R. Leary, (1990). Responses to Social Exclusion: Social Anxiety Jealousy, Loneliness, Depression and Low Self-Esteem. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology: Vol. 9 (2): 221-229.
https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.1990.9.2.221 [DOI:10,1521/jscp1990,9,2,221]
29. Marta, Y., Y., (2001). Moderators of Stress in Salvadoran Refugees: The Role of Social and Personal Resource.International Migaration Review, Vol.35, (3) :840-869. [DOI:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2001.tb00043.x]
30. Oh, Hans (2015) Social Defeat and Psychotic Experiences in the United States: Findings from the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiological Surveys, Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy, under the Executive Committee of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences,Colombia University:1-112.
31. Ramos Kariana, 2015, Latino Immigrant Studeny: Exploring the Relationship between Migration Experience and Education Outcoms, a Dissertation presented to the Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial Fulfillment of the Requirements, for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
32. Selten, J., -P., and Cantor-Graae, E.,(2005) Social Defeat: Risk Factor for schizophrenia? The British Journal of Psychiatry, 187 (2): 101-102. [DOI:10.1192/bjp.187.2.101]
33. Selten, J. -P., and Cantor-Graae, E., (2007) Hypothesis:Social Defeat is a Risk Factor for Schizophrenia? The British Journal of Psychiatry, Vol.191(51) :9-12. [DOI:10.1192/bjp.191.51.s9]
34. Selten, J., -P., van der Ven, E., Rutten, B., P., F., & Cantor-Graae, E., (2013). The Social Defeat Hypothesis of Schizophrenia: An Update. Schizophrenia Bulletin, Vol. 39 (6): 1180-1186.
https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbt134 [DOI:10,1093/schbul/sbt13]
35. Sharpley, M., S., Hutchinson, G., Murray, R., M., & McKenzie, K., (2001). Understanding 10 the excess of psychosis among the African-Caribbean population in England Review of Current Hypotheses. The British Journal of Psychiatry, Vol.178 (40): 60-68. [DOI:10.1192/bjp.178.40.s60]
36. Tavakoli, M., & Thorngate, W. (2005). Rejection and Organization Justice. Journal of Iranian Psychologists, Vol.2(5): 77-86.
37. Thoits, Peggy, A., (1989). The Sociology of Emotions. Annual Review of Sociology. Vol.15:317-342. [DOI:10.1146/annurev.so.15.080189.001533]
38. Turner, J., (2007). Human Emotions: A Sociological Theory, London and New York:Routledge. [DOI:10.4324/9780203961278]
39. Vega, W., A., Sribney, W., M., Miskimen, T., M., Escobar, J., I., & Aguilar-Gaxiola, S. (2006).Putative Psychotic Symptoms in the Mexican American population: prevalence and Co-occurrence with psychiatric disorders. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 194(7): 471-477. [DOI:10.1097/01.nmd.0000228500.01915.ae]
40. Vrooman, J., Cok and Hoff, Stella (2012). The disadvantaged Among the Dutch: A survey Approach to the Multidimensional Measurement of Social Exclusion, Soc Indic Res,Vol.113(3):1261-1287. [DOI:10.1007/s11205-012-0138-1]
41. Ward, Colleen; Masgoret, Anne-Marie. (2008) Attitudes toward Immigrants, Immigration, and Multiculturalism in New Zealand: A Social Psychological Analysis. The International Migration Review; Vol. 42(1), 227-248. [DOI:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2007.00119.x]
42. Whitley, Rob, (2011) Social Defeat or Social Resistance? Reaction to Fear of Crime and Violence Among People with Severe Mental Illness Living in Urban 'Recovery Communities' Published online: Vol.35:519 - 535 . [DOI:10.1007/s11013-011-9226-y]
43. Wilson William, J(1978), The Declining Significance of Race, Blacks and Changing American Institutions, In-Crusky, B., David (2008). Social Stratification, Class, Race and Gender in Sociological Perspective, USA, Westview Press.
44. Zadro, L., Boland, C., Richardson, R., (2006). How Long Does it Last? The Persistence of the Effects of Ostracism in the Socially Anxious. Jornal of Eeperimental Social Pschology,Vol.42: 692-698. [DOI:10.1016/j.jesp.2005.10.007]
45. Zhang, D., H., & He, H., L., (2010). Personality Traits and Life Satisfaction: A Chinese Case Study. Social Behavior and Personality, 38(8):1119-1122. [DOI:10.2224/sbp.2010.38.8.1119]
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
